But there is still little consensus concerning the size of the unreported economies of transition countries. New methods have been proposed for estimating the size of the unrecorded (non-observed) economy. Unrecorded income is a particular problem in transition countries that switched from a socialist accounting system to UN standard National Income and Product Accounts) but is not. A summary measure of the unrecorded economy is the amount of unrecorded income, namely the amount of income that should (under existing rules and conventions) be recorded in national accounting systems (e.g. The "unrecorded economy" consists of those economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules that define the reporting requirements of government statistical agencies. unreported income is estimated to be $2 trillion resulting in a "tax gap" of $450–$500 billion. A complementary measure of the unreported economy is the "tax gap", namely the difference between the amount of tax revenues due the fiscal authority and the amount of tax revenue actually collected. A summary measure of the unreported economy is the amount of income that should be reported to the tax authority but is not so reported. The "unreported economy" consists of those economic activities that circumvent or evade the institutionally established fiscal rules as codified in the tax code. Illegal economy participants engage in the production and distribution of prohibited goods and services, such as drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and prostitution. The "illegal economy" consists of the income produced by those economic activities pursued in violation of legal statutes defining the scope of legitimate forms of commerce. The illegal economy, the unreported economy, the unrecorded economy, and the informal economy. Four specific underground economies can be identified: 1. Different types of underground activities are distinguished according to the particular institutional rules that they violate. Those engaged in underground activities circumvent, escape or are excluded from the institutional system of rules, rights, regulations and enforcement penalties that govern formal agents engaged in production and exchange. These underground economies are omnipresent, existing in market oriented as well as in centrally planned nations, be they developed or developing. There is no single underground economy, there are many.
This profusion of vague labels attests to the confusion of a literature attempting to explore a largely un-chartered area of economic activity. Kharkov, 2008 subterranean hidden grey shadow informal clandestine illegal unobserved unreported unrecorded second parallel and black. Worldwide, the underground economy is estimated to provide 1.8 billion jobs.īackground The literature on the underground economy has avoided a common usage and has instead offered a plethora of appellations including: Black market on graffiti. Although markets in the regular economy are not given a "white" attribute, markets that have borderline status are called "grey". "the black market in bush meat" or the state jurisdiction "the black market in China".
Typically the totality of such activity is referred to with the definite article as a complement to the official economies, by market for such goods and services, e.g. References Article Sources and Contributorsīlack market A 'black market' is a market in goods or services which operates outside the formal one(s) supported by established state power.
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